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Although knowledge of androgen steroid metabolism has increased during the past decades and analytical guidance has been provided by sport authorities, detection of doping with testosterone remains a challenge in sport. Since 1975, several strategies and methods have been developed to deter doping with endogenous steroids. Because maize, millet, and sugar cane (C4 plants) are the common food ingredients in some areas of Africa, it is expected that the basic 13C enrichment of the body store will be high for local populations.34 It is known that urine samples collected from a country such as Kenya have a higher content of 13C in steroids than western or oceanian countries.35,36 Conversely, for the endogenous hormones such as testosterone or DHEA, it is mandatory to determine the origin of the steroid. Other urinary tests such as ketoconazole test25 and the testosterone glucuronide to luteinising hormone (T/LH) ratio26 have been developed to deter doping with testosterone or a precursor. Direct evidence may be obtained with a method based on the determination of the carbon isotope ratio of the urinary steroids. Indirect methods to detect doping include determination of the testosterone/epitestosterone glucuronide ratio with suitable cut‐off values. When he’s not writing health & wellness articles for The Sanctuary, he enjoys hiking, camping, surfing and sailing. It’s unlikely — and difficult to tell — that a male adult has higher-than-normal levels of testosterone. Excess testosterone affects your body differently depending on your sex and age. The two charts below list the general normal ranges of testosterone based on age and sex. If any of these organs — your hypothalamus, pituitary gland or gonads — aren’t working normally, that can cause abnormal testosterone levels. Three Hone patients share a timeline of benefits and changes during the first year of TRT treatment. Plus, when to take the pill to avoid a mid-sex softy. Research-backed tools, tactics, and techniques to maximize your health, delivered to your inbox every Monday. Dr. James R. Staheli is the Medical Director for Broad Health, Hone Health’s affiliated medical practice and a family medicine doctor in Atlanta, Georgia. Contact us at if you see an error. Based on studies of athlete populations, the IOC adopted in 1983 a ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone glucuronides (T/E) with an authorised upper limit of 6.0 as a criterion for the administration of testosterone. Nevertheless, with substances that are produced endogenously, such as testosterone, the presence of the substance alone cannot be considered to be an offence by itself. Among the 1191 positive cases, it is worth mentioning that testosterone and nandrolone were the most used substances (33% and 29% of the cases, respectively). The hearing of the athlete is then organised by the medical commission, where the eventual sanctions against the athlete are decided. In a recent controlled study including a placebo group, the effect of multiple oral doses of testosterone undecanoate on mood state during one month of intense endurance training was assessed.18 It emerged that multiple oral intake of testosterone undecanoate could have an impact on recovery from physical strain in a hard training period. Some of these psychological effects could be beneficial for athletes by improving their performance. The advantage of this practice has been demonstrated recently.12 The drug dosages range from 250 mg to 3500 mg per week and are therefore up to 40 times the recommended therapeutic dosage.14 However, some studies have described the effect of polypharmacy practice at therapeutic doses in weight lifters,15 and endurance and sprint athletes.16
