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One study proposed that natural selection may have caused men to be more sensitive to situations in which their status is challenged, and that testosterone is the key factor that causes these situations to spark into aggression. Studies have found higher pre-natal testosterone or lower digit ratio to be correlated with higher aggression. The first is the challenge hypothesis which states that testosterone would increase during puberty, thus facilitating reproductive and competitive behavior which would include aggression. Nearly all studies of juvenile delinquency and testosterone are not significant. Higher pre-natal testosterone indicated by a low digit ratio as well as adult testosterone levels increased risk of fouls or aggression among male players in a soccer game. Finally, even if results suggest that testosterone might help the heart, the effects of hormone therapy on the rest of the body would also have to be considered. These visits allow the healthcare provider to track hormone levels, heart rate, blood pressure, and symptoms. Managing the possible effects of testosterone therapy on the heart, especially an increased heart rate, requires careful planning. Some studies suggest that low testosterone levels are linked to a higher risk of heart failure. Doctors often recommend checking testosterone levels, red blood cell counts, and heart health before and during TRT. A healthy heart, speeds up and slows down subtly, responding to everything from your breath to your stress levels to that surprisingly good cup of coffee. It’s also important to remember that most consumer-level devices that track heart rate variability are not as sensitive as an EKG. There are a few different ways that you can improve your heart rate variability. For example, using HRVdaily, a person can reasonably infer that when the application indicates they are not at risk they are, in fact, not at risk for maladaptation on that particular day. While a test that can both identify "at risk" and "no risk" would be preferred, tests that are good at one or the other still have clinical utility. If true, this relationship would allow for daily measurement of HRV to serve as a non-invasive proxy for hormonal changes throughout an exercise intervention. Finally, our observed difference in HRV response may be the result of the specific training modality. In contrast, Poderoso et al showed decreasing cortisol levels in experienced HIFT participants over a six month period (44). The elevated cortisol levels we found may in part be due to the lack of HIFT experience within our participants. The difference in findings may, in part, be due to the inability of Huovinen et al. to collect baseline hormone values resulting in the authors being unable to report the relationship on a single day (24). Decline of testosterone production with age has led to interest in androgen replacement therapy. As demonstrated by a meta-analysis, substitution therapy with testosterone results in a significant reduction of inflammatory markers. Conflicting results have been obtained concerning the importance of testosterone in maintaining cardiovascular health. Testosterone does not appear to increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. Testosterone injections, especially short-acting ones, can cause hormone levels to spike quickly. In rare cases, there are reports of men experiencing palpitations or rapid heartbeat soon after beginning therapy. Clinical trials that examine heart rate changes with TRT show mixed results. While some men report feeling their heart beating faster after starting TRT, not all studies agree on this effect. Others may not feel a difference while resting but notice their heart races more during exercise. Since smoking boosts testosterone levels, and obesity has the opposite effect, the scientists checked to see if the change could be explained by a decline in smoking or an increase in obesity, but neither possibility held up. There was a slow but steady decline in average testosterone levels over the study period. Four small, brief trials of testosterone's effect on treadmill performance in men with heart disease hint that the hormone may be helpful. Testosterone therapy quickly became the standard treatment for men with low levels of the hormone, or hypogonadism, though its role for aging men with normal testicular function remains highly debatable. A similar 2004 study compared testosterone injections with placebo in 10 men with angina and low testosterone levels. Men with low testosterone have more body fat and more of the abdominal fat that's most harmful than men with higher hormone levels, but since obesity itself reduces testosterone, it's not clear which is the cause and which the effect.
